Ammonia is used to make nitric acid hno3 by the ostwald process. Production of nitric acid is via the ostwald process, named after german chemist wilhelm ostwald. Modeling and simulation of a nitric acid recovery process. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The nitric acid process the foundation of the modern nitric acid process was laid by kuhlmann in 1838 when he filed a patent for the catalytic oxidation of platinum metals rev. Never store mixtures of concentrated acids, particularly. In the process for step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide. Never store mixtures of concentrated acids, particularly nitric acid, and organic or inorganic waste components.
The manufacture of nitric acid is a process which starts with the oxidation of ammonia, and includes several steps. A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro. During the late 1990s the desai commission of enquiry into the. In this article the author outlines some of the principal features of this process, and describes in some detail the chemical reaction taking place at the platinum surface. In the first step in this reaction, ammonia and oxygen gas catalytically react to form nitrogen monoxide. The reaction is highly exothermic and the heat given out by the reaction is sufficient to keep the reaction going. The ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. Technical support document for the nitric acid production. The reaction is highly exothermic and the heat given out by the reaction is sufficient to keep the reaction. Write the overall equation for the production of nitric acid by the ostwald process by combining the preceding equations water is also a product. The composite distillation columns consist of a multistage vacuum tower and an atmospheric pressure tower half of which consists of packed bed. The mono pressure process where the low pressure at the absorption stage leads to limitation of acid concentration and more ammonia consumption for nox abatement, for small or middle size plants, the mono pressure plants lp are often chosen, the slight increasing of operation cost is compensated by a low capex. The most commonly used catalyst is platinum pt metal blended with rhodium rh to act as promoter. Submit the whole to distillation, in order to withdraw a liquor which has a high solvent action.
Jan 25, 2016 industrial manufacturing of nitric acid this document contain detailed step of industrial manufacturing of nitric acid. Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia and is a key chemical in the manufacture of fertilizers. Exergy analyzing method in process integration of the nitric acid production plant 111 ln 1 2 0 p p gr t h ex t lm cons. In step 1, ammonia is oxidized to form nitric oxide and also nitrogen dioxide. Nitric acid oxidation design in the manufacture of adipic. Nitric acid is witnessing rising demand for the manufacturing of fertilizers, nylon, explosives, and a variety of industrially useful organic and inorganic compounds, including adipic acid, toluene diisocyanate tdi, and nitrobenzene. Aug 15, 2019 ostwald process for making nitric acid. Never mix concentrated nitric acid and organics, such as acetone, unless you are following a respectable procedure and use a blast shield and proper precautions.
The first step in the ostwald process for producing nitric. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. Nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid ostwalds process. The first step in the industrial production process is the oxidation of ammonia. Nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. The manufacture of nitric acid the role of platinum alloy gauzes in the ammonia oxidation process by h. The first known person to write a decription and discuss their method of sythesizing nitric acid was named jabir ibn hayyan born in persia c. As an oxidizing agent, nitric acid can be reduced to a number of different products. The ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. A strong acid is an acid which essentially ionizes all its hydrogen ions in water solution. Whats happening here is ammonia is producing nitric acid.
Booklet nr 2 production of nitric acid by fertilizers. The production of nitric acid takes place in 3 process steps shown by the following main equations. It is highly corrosive, strongly reactive, a powerful oxidizer and a poison. Industrial manufacturing of nitric acid this document contain detailed step of industrial manufacturing of nitric acid. Calculating n2o emissions from the production of nitric acid. Nitric acid is also known as aqua fortis or azotic acid.
Gcse science chemistry high school manufacture of nitric. The same gas is formed as a pollutant in petrol engines. Nitric acid hno3, also known as aqua fortis latin for strong water and spirit of niter, is a. The ostwald process is a chemical process that in two stages, converts ammonia to nitric acid also known as hno3. The basic process technology for producing nitric acid has not changed. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid 2. Number of times in the reporting year that missing data procedures were followed to measure nitric acid production months. The principal chemical produced from nitric acid is ammonium nitrate. It is made from ammonia by the ostwald process developed in 1902 by the german chemist wilhelm ostwald, who got the nobel prize in 1909. The purpose of this simulation was to observe the thermodynamic. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals.
How is nitric acid made nitric acid is made from the reaction of ammonia with oxygen the first stage produces nitrogen monoxide. Study by entec on developing benchmarks for n2o activities and. If a performance test was conducted, report the following. Ostwald process for producing nitric acid worldofchemicals. The first stage is the oxidation of ammonia and it uses a platinumrhodium catalyst. Subscribe to our youtube channel to watch more chemistry lectures. Nitric acid concentration processes use a dehydrating agent such as sulfuric acid or. Industrial preparation of nitric acid ostwald s method. As a matter of fact, the material safety data sheet states that it has an extreme health rating of 4 which means it is a poison.
In making the fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, from nitric acid, it is necessary to neutralize the acidity of hno3. Most of this is used in fertilizers, although a relatively small amount is used to make explosives. May 31, 2014 nitric acid is most commonly manufactured by ostwald process. Nitric acid, whose worldwide annual production is about 8 billion kilograms, is used to make many products, including fertilizer, dyes, and explosives. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. This guidance for the transport of nitric acid have been drawn up by fertilizers europe, a sector group of cefic, with the help of expertise from members in order to ensure high safety standards in operations involving nitric acid transport. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia according to the following balanced equation. Separate documents have been submitted for the development of draft monitoring. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, silk industry, explosive materials such as t. Nitric acid is also used for metal etching and processing of ferrous metals. Take a pound of cyprus vitriol, a pound and a half of saltpetre, and a quarter of a pound of alum.
He also discusses the changes that occur in the gauze leading to metal loss during operation. A student was given a task to determine the percentage purity of a sample of salicylic acid. Process basis process basis ammonia is reacted with air on platinumrhodium alloy catalysts in the oxidation section of nitric acid plants. Johnson matthey catalysts education industrial catalysis. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric. Summary of conditions and catalyst for ammonia oxidation. Nitric acid production by the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauzes constitutes one of the worlds major chemical industries. Disaster strikes texas city 16 april 1947 the texas city disaster was a major 20thcentury. Simplified schematic representation of a mh dual pressure nitric acid plant. The ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid hno 3. The guidance deal exclusively with the transport of nitric acid in tanks within europe and do not deal with. However, in normal process of absorption of nitric acid concentration can not expanded because of a mixture of nitric acid and water have the azeotropic point at a. About 70 percent of the nitric acid produced is consumed as an intermediate in the manufacture of.
They are both used in the lead chamber process as catalysts to convert so 2 to so 3, which is the essential first step in the production of sulphuric acid. The manufacture of nitric acid is a threestage process. Production of nitric acid ostwalds process nitric acid is obtained by oswalds process in which oxidation of ammonia is carried out in presence of a catalyst. Preparation of nitric acid in industry, chemistry lecture. Nitric acid hno3 cid 944 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical. The ostwald process for producing nitric acid from ammonia. What are the uses of nitric acid on an industrial level. Nitric acid is an inorganic chemical that is used in the manufacture of nitrogenbased fertilizers, adipic acid, and explosives. The fertilizer industry uses weak nitric acid in the range of 50 to 65% strength and thus the high concentration above 70% weight nitric acid production process is not included. In the most used industrial process, the benzene reacts with the nitric acid in the presence of a catalyst, the sulphuric acid. Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process according to the main equation. Now, as you can see, the process isnt quite that simple. A nitric acid recovery process using composite distillation columns was modeled and simulated.
Oct 25, 2016 nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid ostwalds process digiclass a. Then in step 2, the nitrogen dioxide that was formed is absorbed in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can oxidize metals and nonmetals easily. Wilhelm ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902. The temperature of the system helps to determine which reaction predominates. Nitric acid is produced industrially through a multistep reaction process known as ostwald process. Enhanced plant design for the production of azeotropic nitric acid 1. Nitric acid oxidation design in the manufacture of adipic acid shown in figs. Steps involved in ostwald process ostwald process converts ammonia to nitric acid and involves two steps. Historically and practically, the ostwald process is closely associated with the haber. Nitric acid acts as an acid in the manufacture of chemical fertilizers.
The plants range in size from 6,000 to 700,000 tons per year. Absorption process in the manufacture of nitric acid is very important because it controls the levels of no x and amount of nitric acid produced yields occur in this process. Nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid ostwalds process digiclass a. O nitrous oxide emissions from the production of nitric acid. The crystal structures of the lowtemperature and highpressure polymorphs of nitric acid pdf. Industrial manufacturing of nitric acid linkedin slideshare. Type of nitric acid process used for each nitric acid train low, medium, or dual pressure. Entropy data, available from the steam tables, can be used to calculate the exergy consumed at turbine t2. Now, following years of litigation, aeci has recently paid out an estimated r8 million to the victims of macassar. Once ammonia has been produced by the haber process, it can be converted into nitric acid through a multistep procedure known as the ostwald process. Multiply the equations so that the coefficients of the nproducts become the same as the neducts of the following line. Nitric acid ostwalds methodindustrial preparation of. The ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen involves the following steps.
Emission factor calculated for each nitric acid train lb. Technical support document for the nitric acid production sector. N2o emissions and nitric acid production process p. Nitric oxide no is a widespread signaling molecule that participates in virtually every cellular and organ function in the body for an historic perspective see. Nitric acid is a highly corrosive mineral acid and is commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent. They are also precursors in the ostwald process for the manufacture of nitric acid see below no 2 a strange dimer. No 2 is an odd molecule since it has an unpaired electron sitting on the nitrogen.
Nitric acid hno 3 is an extremely important chemical used in the manufacture of fertilisers and explosives. The manufacture of nitric acid johnson matthey technology. Nitric acid h no 3, also known as aqua fortis latin for strong water and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid the pure compound is colorless, but older samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen and water. The method used by the student to prepare a solution of salicylic acid is described below. The vacuum tower and the atmospheric pressure tower were modeled by using equilibrium stage method and nonequilibrium stage method respectively. Nitric acid is made from the reaction of ammonia with oxygen.
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